 | By: Michael Baigent Richard Leigh Binding: Paperback Publisher: Arrow Books Ltd ISBN: 0099257033 ISBN-13: 9780099257035 Released: 04 May 2006 RRP: Average Rating:  |
The scrolls are the records of Jewish zealots living around the time of Christ. Zealots believed passionately in three things:
1 - The Law of Moses.
2 - A line of high priest messiahs (the word means "anointed ones" - their priests as well as their kings were anointed) descended from Zadok.
3 - A royal line of messiah (anointed) kings descended from Solomon & David.
The zealots hated foreigners & anyone who did not uphold the Law. This of course included the occupying Romans (who believed their emperor was God) & their puppet-kings of the Herod dynasty, & Herod's puppet high priest in the Temple (callled by the scrolls "the wicked priest") Ananas.
Groups of zealots lived alll over Palestine & were variously callled Zadokites, Zealots, Sicarii, Essenes & Nazorenes. This word comes from "Nozrei ha-Brit": "keepers of the Covenant" which gave "Nozrim": a sect later known as Christians. Jesus was a Nazorene; he did not come from Nazareth, which did not exist at the time. The zealots were militant revolutionaries organising resistance to the Romans & their puppets.
Jesus's brother James is callled by the scrolls the "teacher of righteousness". He lived in Jerusalem & was the zealot leader.
Paul is callled by the scrolls "the liar". Originallly a Roman collaborator, he was converted on the road to Damascus (Qumran, not the one in Syria) & joined the zealots. But he was not so keen on upholding the Law. He wanted to start a new religion, & gain many adherents by relaxing the rules. He was an advertising man at heart, & distorted the story of Jesus's life for popular appeal. It was Paul who said that Jesus was divine, & invented many of the miracles & the virgin birth. He was a thorn in the side of James & the strict zealots, & they packed him off on missions around the world. He is the hero of the Acts of the Apostles, which is written from his point of view, & is the basis for modern Christianity. The scrolls, however, show that Jesus was not the meek & mild, mythologized son of God, but a politicallly active teacher who strongly upheld the Law & the Prophets.
Paul was possibly a Roman agent. He hijacked Judaism & turned it into a religion Jews could no longer accept.
The book has many strong & seductive claims, subsequently weakened by the release of more scroll material.
The Dead Sea Scrolls is a name given to a general collection of scrolls found in the area of Qumran, in the desert near the Dead Sea in the West Bank of the Jordan River. The first scrolls from this region were found in 1947/48. Many more scrolls have been found since then (and there may be some still missing, or hidden, by various regional authorities & antiquities dealers & collectors), including some in areas as far away as the British Museum (manuscripts collected from a Cairo genizah 50 years earlier were later found to match the scrolls).
Part of the politics of around the scrolls, which always featured into their saga, was that, while they were primary early Jewish texts (the Hebrew Bible, additional psalms, community writings of early sects of Judaism, etc.), the scrolls were found in what was then Arab territory by Arab traders & bedouins. The fragile state of Israeli/Palestinian/Jordanian politics always factored into the scrolls' fate; the scrolls came under control first of the Orthodox (Christian) leaders in East Jerusalem (then in Arab control), then later as scholars were sought under general Western academic supervision. It just so happened that many of the noted scholars in ancient Hebrew manuscripts (apart from Jewish scholars, who were prevented from participating) came from the ranks of the churches & seminaries, particularly the Roman Catholic Church.
This is where the seeds of mistrust & division were sown. For decades, the scrolls had to be reconstructed, as many of them were in fragmentary condition. Like a giant jigsaw puzzle with pieces missing, the pieces had to be reassembled as best they could be. This takes much longer than one might think - in the pre-computer days, without electronic assistance for cataloguing & matching, things had to be done manuallly, with cards, files, & photographs. It is true that many of the larger, in-tact scrolls were published early. But as time dragged on, it seemed somewhat as if there was a deliberate with-holding of information.
Baigent & Leigh trace the history of the scrolls & the history of the ideas of deception & restriction around the scrolls. Unfortunately, the issues are a bit overblown at times, to make the book more sensational. The feeling of 'they're hiding something' was certainly very real, & scholars, church leaders & the general public were clamouring for more access to the scrolls, if only to prove that there was not something vastly damaging to the church being hidden. Ideas were floated wildly speculating that there were writings that showed Jesus was never crucified, or somehow didn't die, that he had children & they continued a 'royal' line (it doesn't hurt to remember here that Baigent & Leigh co-authored the book, 'Holy Blood, Holy Grail', that attempted to trace the origins of the legends of the Holy Grail to the descendents of Jesus & his family). The idea was also given that the Roman Catholic scholars, at the instruction of the Vatican, were suppressing these damaging writings. This of course leaves aside the fact that there were non-catholics as part of the International Team, but that became problematic in & of itself, as the one avowed atheist, John Allegro, published scroll findings for which his published later had to issue retractions & apologies.
After the 1967 war, Jewish scholars gained access on a more equal footing with the European (mostly Christian) academics, but the general access was still restricted. Conspiracy theories grew.
Alas, history is sometimes far more mundane than one might hope - it wasn't vast conspiracies of keeping damaging texts hidden that was driving the restricted access, but largely academic politics & careerism of a rather common stamp (despite the fact that they were working with world-famous materials). When it became apparent that particular scholars (who were, along the way, assigned & given 'authority' over particular sub-sets of the scrolls) were keeping access so as to have first publication rights, & were treating these assignments as personal goods to be passed along to successors of their own choosing, this is when things reallly came to a head.
Complete copies of the scrolls had been made & deposited in other places around the world (given the general insecurity of the Middle East, which meant that a war could destroy them quite easily), but stringent security measures guarding access to these copies were put in place, & rigourous controls over who could use them meant that the scrolls were still hidden. However, the computer age made assembling large compendia of data fairly easy - such cataloguing of scrolls & scroll-bits was available, along with word & letter studies, & computers made it a task of weeks rather than decades to reconstruct the entire set of the scrolls. Once this was done, & then distributed (without permission), while the scroll team kicked up a fuss, the genie was out of the bottle, & the Huntington Library in California, one of the depositories of the copies, made them generallly available. It is now more than 10 years after the scrolls have been freed, so some material is a little out of date.
Baigent & Leigh's work here gives the most sensational of conspiratorial leanings, while eventuallly coming down to the mundane side of things. They add an overview of the scrolls' content & interpretations, too, making this interesting both from the standpoint of the scrolls as well as history of the scroll battle.
I say it is a good starting point as the book pretty much ends with mentioning that, finallly, in the early nineties photo's of alll the scrolls are available to alll scholars for study. What these new studies reveal however, will have to be read in other books.
I have one minor complaint & that is that the authors draw heavily on Robert Eisenman's work. It left me wondering sometimes if I shouldn't read Eisenman's work instead (probably not as I suspect his work is much harder to read). For this reason, & the fact that some of the content of the book (most notibly concerning the origins of the Church) has been discussed in other work by the authors, I rate it 3 stars instead of 4.
In short: a very worthwile read (especiallly if it is your first on the subject of early Christianity) but it needs to be followed by more up-to-date books.
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